铁匠们说：“a good anvil does not fear the hammer”(好钻石不怕锤打)

鞋匠们说：“the cobbler's wife is the worst shod.”(鞋匠的老婆没鞋穿)

木匠们说“such carpenters ,such chips.”(什么木匠出什么活)

裁缝们说：“cut the coat according to the cloth”(看布裁衣)

农夫们说：“as a man sows,so shallhe reap”(种什么，收什么)

渔民们说：“the best fish swim near the bottom.”(好鱼居水底)

猎人们说“a bird in hand is worth two in the bush”(双鸟在林不如一鸟在手)

磨房主说“all is grist that comes to his mill”(到他磨里都成粉)

淘金主说：“all is not gold that glitters”(发光的未必都是金子)

驯马人说：“a boisterous horse must have a rough bridle.”(烈马要套粗笼头)

牧马人说：“make hay while the sunshine.”(晒草要趁太阳好)

主妇们说：“a stich in time saves nine”(一针及时省九针）

A little boy bustled into a grocery one day with a memorandum in his hand. 　　 　　一天，一个小男孩匆匆忙忙地走进了一家杂货店，手里拿着一张清单。 　　 　　"Hello, Mr. Smith," He said. "I want thirteen pounds of coffee at 32 cents." 　　 　　“史密斯先生，你好，”他说道，“三毛二分钱一磅的咖啡，请给我十三磅。” 　　 　　"Very good," said the grocer, and he noted down the sale. 　　 　　“好的，”杂货店老板马上把这笔生意记了下来。 　　 　　"Anything else, Charlie?" 　　 　　“还要别的什么不，查理？” 　　 　　"Yes. Twenty-seven pounds of sugar at 9 cents." 　　 　　“要的。再要二十七磅糖，九分钱一磅的。” 　　 　　"The loaf, eh? And what else? 　　 　　“面包要不要？还要什么？” 　　 　　"Seven and a half pounds of bacon at 20 cents." 　　 　　“七磅半咸肉，二毛钱一磅的。” 　　 　　"That will be a good brand. Go on." 　　 　　“这肉是名牌子呢。还有呢？” 　　 　　"Five pounds of tea at 90 cents; eleven and a half quarts of molasses at 8 cents a pint; two eight-pound hams at 21 cents, and five dozen jars of pickled walnuts at 24 cents a jar." 　　 　　“九毛钱一磅的茶叶，给我五磅；八分钱一品脱的糖浆要十一夸脱半；二毛一分钱一磅的大火腿要二只，二毛四分钱一罐的腌核桃要五打。” 　　 　　The grocer made out the bill. 　　 　　杂货店老板把帐单算了出来。 　　 　　"It‘s a big order," he said. "Did your mother tell you to pay for it?" 　　 　　“你买了很多东西，”他说，“你妈妈叫你现在把钱付清吗？” 　　 　　"My mother," said the boy, as he pocketed the neat and accurate bill, "has nothing to do with this business. It is my arithmetic lesson and I had to get it done somehow." 　　 　　小男孩一面把那清楚准确的帐单放进口袋一面说，“这和我妈没关系，这是我自己的算术作业，我总得想办法把它做出来！

above [below, beneath, under] the salt  坐上席[下席](以前长餐桌中间摆盐缸, 上面的一半算是上席); 受[不受]尊敬 Attic salt 文雅的机智, 优雅的俏皮话 be faithful [true] to one's salt 忠于自己的职位 be not made of salt 不怕雨淋; 遇水不溶 例如：I am not made of salt.(=I am neither sugar nor salt.) [口]我不是盐做的, 难道还怕雨吗? cast [drop, lay, put, throw] salt on the tail of 诱捕; 巧妙地捕捉; 使落圈套 earn one's salt 自食其力, 自立 eat a peck of salt with sb. 深知其人 eat sb.'s salt 受某人的款待; 做某人的(食)客; 依赖某人  in salt 撒了盐的; 盐腌的 not earn salt for one's porridge 什么也没有挣到 old salt 老水手, 经验丰富的水手 rather too salt 太贪暴利 rub salt into sb's wounds [口]使某人痛上加痛; 使某人处境更加困难[难过] take sth.with a grain[pinch]of salt 对某事采取保留[怀疑]态度, 不可尽信 the salt of youth 青年人的热情(莎士比亚语) with a grain of salt 有保留地; 须打折扣地; 持保留[怀疑]态度 salt away 搁置；保存 salt in 盐(助)溶 salt out 盐折, 加盐分离 salt up 沉出盐粒 the salt of the earth 社会中坚分子；高尚的人 worth one's salt 值得尊敬的；称职的

2008安徽高考语文作文题目：带着感动出发!   每年的高考作文都是社会关注的热点之一。今年高考前，很多人就在纷纷猜测，北京奥运、抗震救灾和年初的冰冻雨雪灾害等重大事件会不会进入高考题目。今天，高考开考，各家高考作文题目终于揭晓。  全国卷(一)作文题目： 08年的高考全国卷I作文题目：与“抗震救灾”有关的材料作文。提供了包括捐款、救援队等六条与抗震救灾有关的素材，要求考生完成作文，不限题材。 全国卷(二)作文题目： 海龟和老鹰 北京作文题目：     材料作文。学生根据材料自选角度，自拟题目写一篇不少于800字的文章，除诗歌外体裁不限。     在课堂上，老师拿了一个玻璃杯，里面放了一个大石头，差不多和杯子一样大，老师问大家：杯子满了吗？     一个学生回答：没满，还可以放沙子。     待学生放完沙子，老师又问：满了吗？     全班同学回答满了，有一个男孩却回答没有满，还可以放水。     老师笑了，接着把沙子和石头倒出来，杯子是空的。     这回老师是往杯子里放沙子和水，然后问大家，杯子满了吗？如果要放石头进去，该怎么放？     男孩就把杯子里的沙子和水倒出来，先把石头放进去。 北京小作文题目： 地震后的感想 北京试卷小作文：今年考题中出现了关于地震的内容，语言表述题要求学生用45个字对一幅漫画写出自己的感想：地震的废墟中，一只时钟停在了2点28分。     陕西省作文题目：     与“抗震救灾”有关的材料作文。     提供了包括汶川发生地震、政府反应、民众捐款、救援队救援等六条与抗震救灾有关的素材，要求考生完成800字左右的作文，不限文体。     重庆高考作文题目:     命题作文，生活在自然中，800字，除了诗歌外都可。     浙江作文题目:     触摸城市与感受乡村     江苏省作文题目：     好奇心总是伴随着美好童年，诸如成功、失败、质疑、平庸等等这些词语与好奇心相关联。请以“好奇心”为题，写一篇800字左右的作文，角度自选，立意自定。除诗歌外体裁不限。     安徽高考作文题目：     《带着感动出发》，文体不限，字数800左右。     广东作文题目：     不要轻易说“不”。     文体不限，字数800左右。     天津作文题目:     《人之常情》     湖北作文题目：     举手投足之间     除了诗歌外，文体不限，字数800左右。     山东省作文题目：     春来草自青     除了诗歌外，文体不限，字数800左右。     贵州省高考作文：     海龟和老鹰     四川省作文题目：     坚强    宁夏、海南作文题目：    都是养鸟的那个    上海作文题目：    平常大家关注更多的也许是“我们”，如果把视线转向“他们”，你会看到什么，又会想到什么？请以“他们”为题，写一篇文章。要求   (一)不少于800字。   (二）不要写成诗歌。  （三）不得透露个人相关信息。    福建作文题目：　    三个人进商店，分别买饮料，一个买甜的，一个买苦中带甜的，一个买淡的。根据此情景写一篇作作文，题目自拟。    江西作文题目：    07洞庭湖鼠灾背景.要以田鼠的口吻或者田鼠天敌的口吻给人类写一封信。八百字以上。

2008年普通高校招生统一考试湖北卷(英语)

http://edu.QQ.com　 2008年06月08日19:39 　 腾讯教育　　 评论0条　

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题型 温   馨   提   示 听 力 理 解 1.      心平气和，克服焦虑，沉着冷静，集中精神，镇定应考。 2.      充分准备，开考前仔细阅读问题及选项，纵横对比，大胆推测。 3.      边听边做笔记，抓住关键词语，听第二遍时再确定答案，不要断章取义。 4.      听取信息每空所写单词不会超过3个，注意大小写、货币单位、上下午时间等。 5.      遇到不会拼写的单词，先写中文后想英文，思想不要停顿。 单 项 选 择 1．注意结构、意义、逻辑的一致，看清楚高考题干、选项。 2．注意英语试题中的“非直接相邻”题，要突破思维定势。 3. 选择答案时考虑语境, 高考题目情景性强，千万要注意上下文联系在一起考虑，多琢磨；理清因果、转折、顺接、假设等关系。 4. 注意选择项之间的区别, 应分别对照选项，确保思路正确。 5．注意 ，––– ；？ 等标点在句中的作用。 完 形 填 空 1.      主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法及其常用搭配和近义词辨析等。 2.      做题前先细读首句(段)，浏览全文，了解大意。 3.      先易后难，联系上下文，从文章中找解题线索，但是相同的单词未必是答案。 4.      提高语篇意识，通篇考虑，同时注意文章中连词的作用。 5.      上下文逻辑推理和生活常识往往是命题人会考虑的考点。 6.      做完后，将所选答案代入文章重读一遍，十分有把握时才改动错误选项。 语 法 填 空 1.      浏览全文，把握大意；从易到难；做完后复核全文，破解难题。 2.      读完整句，从句子结构推断词性，从句子意思选择词义，从句子关系确定连接词，从修饰关系判断形式。 3.      常见名词、形容词、副词和动词的构词法是必考内容。冠词可能会有一题。 4.      动词常考点：非谓语动词的-ed或-ing形式，时态语态，单复数，固定搭配，常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词。 5.      代词常考点：不定代词，指示代词、关系代词、反身代词及it用法等。 6.      做完形填空及语法填空不宜花过多时间，以免做题“前松后紧”。 阅 读 理 解 1.      浏览全文，通过首尾段或每段的第一句话来预测文章的大致内容。 2.      略读题目，比较选项，带着问题有针对性地阅读文章。注意那些太绝对、太片面、太荒谬以及文中没有根据的选项往往是错误的。 3.      做主旨大意题或选择标题时要通读全文，重点放在首尾段以及文中反复出现的观点或语句，大意或标题一定是文章大部分内容，不能以偏概全，也不要范围太大。 4.      做词(句)义猜测题时要联系上下文，尤其注意其附近的同(反)义词(句)、转折连词、否定词以及相关从句，一般不选所猜词(句)的表层含义。 5.      做细节理解题时，多留意同(反)义词、转折连词、否定词，要读完整句相关句子，不要凭空想象、张冠李戴，不能将自己的思想强加给作者，答案一定要有凭有据。 6.      做推理判断题时，不要选择文中直接陈述的句子，注意字里行间隐含之意。 7.      三篇文章中肯定有一篇比较难的，关键时刻要舍得放弃，写完作文后再回头做(猜)。 完 成 句 子 1．通读，改出易改题（相对而言）。 2．通读几个句子与行结合，找错（不能只以行为单位），应注意行与句兼顾。 3．看单句，结合词性、固定搭配、上下文逻辑、老师常比较的错误（interesting - interested, which / that等）来判断错误之处。（考虑意群、分句及词组间的连接。） 4．类型多为6、2、1、1或7、1、1、1型型。注意有无漏词、多词现象及逻辑关系错误、句子结构错误。 5．通读全文，注意逻辑。 6．难题注意各个单词的词性要求，难题从词性、漏词、多词、前后搭配（意群及词组间）着手： 名词：单复数、冠词有无、什么冠词 代词：主宾格、单复数、反身代词、男女、人称 动词：语态、时态、非谓语、加不加s 连词：意义、标点、what \ which \ whoever \ who等用法 介词：搭配 形副：形副转换、比较等级、与than \ of \ in连用 数词：序数词（冠词）   信 息 匹 配 题 1.      这是最容易拿分的题，宁可不做那篇难的阅读也要拿足分。 2.      先“五”后“六”，跳读相关信息，找准关键词；划掉已确定项，减少干扰。 3. 关键词一般出现在每段的后两行或后两句，尤其注意某些动词、连词或副词后面的内容，如hope, desire, wish, want, plan to, would like to, in order to, however, so, therefore, especially等。 基 础 写 作 1.      仔细审题，列出要点，同类信息组成一个信息块(一个句子)，同一个信息块用一个并列句或复合句来表达，先组词造句，再连句成篇。 2.      紧扣要点，逐一写到，只能写5句，不能多也不能少。 3.      可以运用2—3个较高级的句型：复合句(名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句)；     含有连接词(如表并列、转折、递进、对比等关系)的并列句；一些特殊句型，比如，倒装句、强调句、it作形式主语(或形式宾语)的句子等。 读   写   任   务 1.      如果“标题自定(拟)”，就一定要写标题，可以用短语或句子(感叹句或疑问句)，短语中实词要大写，句子只需第一个字母大写；标题可根据自己要写的文章的主要内容或者题目要求所写内容的主题来确定，注意不宜太宽、太泛。 2.      概括部分必须用自己的话概括原文的大意，不能抄袭原文现成的句子，但可以引用其中某个单词或短语；概括要点时要抓住主要问题，可参考文章的首尾段或每段的首尾句。议论文应包括文章的论点、论据和结论句，记叙文应将五要素(when, where, who, what happened, what to learn)中的重要环节串联起来。 3.      第二段先写一句过渡的话，再引出自己的观点或类似的故事，以使文章过渡自然，不脱节。如果是写议论文，则要有论点、论据和总结段，观点要鲜明且前后要一致；记叙文也要包括五个基本要素，主题要与阅读材料相同，如果要求写过去的经历，就务必要用过去时态。 4.      要紧扣题目要求和内容要点，分段逐一写到，以使文章纲举目张，有层次感。注意不要写太多与主题无关的话，以免走题或超过限定词数。 5.      写好开头和结尾，好的开头引人入胜，好的结尾令人回味无穷。文末要有总结句或总结段，即画龙点睛部分，内容要涉及主题，富有人情味，给改卷老师以亲切感。   作 文 1.      书写一定要工整规范，卷面整洁，不乱涂乱画，不写出框外，印象好肯定分数高。 2.      都要适当运用过渡词，使文章语言流畅，行文连贯，逻辑性强。 3.      尽量避免出现一些低级错误，如时态、人称、单词拼写、常用介词等。 4.      写最有把握的词句，力求准确，不过分追求高级表达法。 5.      不要留空，也不要抄袭其它文段，只要你写就会有分，1分压万人，1分值万金。 其 它 注 意 事 项 1.      英语科开考前15分钟禁止进入试室，务必准时！ 2.      自带手表，掌握时间，当考场指令提醒还有最后15分钟时，必须开始(或已涂完)答题卡，不能拖拉，否则会白费功夫！ 3.      可以在试卷上打草稿、画线、作标记等，但是不能在答题卡上乱涂乱划、作记号等。 4.      全卷争取一气呵成、一步到位，不要指望会有很多时间回头检查。 5.      做题时，尽量坚持第一感觉，没有百分之百的把握不要轻易更改答案。 6.      看清题号答题，不要答错地方，誊写答案时不要弄错题号，否则会没分。万一不小心答错题号了，应立即向监考老师申请更换答题卡。 7.      按要求使用指定的考试用笔(黑色字迹)，填涂的都只能使用2B铅笔。 8.      严格遵守考试纪律，严禁作弊，有证据的会被取消考试资格。 9.      以平常心应对高考，发挥正常水平就是最好的，心静、细心者可以得多5分以上。 10.  考完后不再回忆，不再询问，不对答案，全力以赴复习第二天要考的科目。 谁也不曾料到，这是如此艰难的一年。2008，我们热切期待的阳光和欢笑，却不料被一路风暴阻隔。 2月肆虐的雪灾，冻裂了中国大地；3月的拉萨暴力事件，烧伤了美丽的圣地；4月的奥运火炬传递受阻，刺伤了中国人向世界张开的双臂；善变的5月，胶济铁路火车相撞，撞碎了多少旅人的梦；突然传遍全国的儿童手足口病，令全国父母心头纠结；震动传及东南亚的四川大地震，撼及整个中国的灵魂…… 然而，中国在低头抱怨吗？没有，中国挺起了他的脊梁！全民一心，共同抗灾！ 回头看看，此前五千年，重负一再降临他的肩头：自然灾害、战火、固步自封、外敌侵侮、沉睡迟滞、歧路徘徊…… 我们的先人和父辈不曾过多抱怨，而是挺身长足迈入新时代，如今我们又何必沉吟：一个团结、和平和现代化的中国，十数亿心连五洲、身达四海的中国人，我们要坚信必能越过沟壑，越是巨大的挑战我们越要坚强！ 当风雪阻断归路， 我们彼此取暖！ 当主权面对挑战， 我们亮出利剑！ 当圣火遭遇屈辱， 我们义无反顾！ 当病毒吞噬生命， 我们用爱弥补！ 当列车冲出轨道， 我们竭诚互助！ 当震撼撕裂大地， 我们开山辟路！ 勇敢面对磨难，挺起中国人的脊梁！ 加油，同胞！ 加油，中国！     …… 面对灾难，我们众志成城；面对高考，我们壮志雄心。同学们，高考的钟声即将敲响，我们已经整装待发，我们要以坚定的信心、无坚不摧的勇气、顽强的斗志去谱写高考的辉煌！校长、老师为你加油！父母为你加油！同学为你加油！相信自己，我们一定能够克服任何困难，取得高考的胜利！ 今日寒窗苦读，必定有我。 明朝独占鳌头，舍我其谁？     祝高三莘莘学子旗开得胜！梦想成真！

geping73

10道选择题 1.语法与词汇知识选择题 1). --- Is there any possible way to help them get rid of such a bad habit? --- To tell the truth, it’s very hard. But we    on this problem trying to improve the situation. A. worked    B. had worked     C. are working     D. had been working 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。语境意义：“这个问题还没解决，我们正在努力解决这个问题”，因此用现在进行时。对动词时态的考查历来是高考试卷的重点内容。 2) .The computer looks old, but it _________ just half a year ago. A. has been bought     B. will be bought     C. is bought    D. was bought 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词时态。本题容易错选A项。语境有具体过去时间“half a year ago”，因此buy表示过去的动作，用一般过去时被动语态。 3). On March 14, violent crimes of beating, looting and burning in Lhasa of Tibet broke out, _____ 13 innocent people and with more than 300 _____. A. killed; injured       B. killing; injured       C. killed; injuring   D. killing; injuring 【答案】 B 【解析】考查非谓语动词用法。第一空用kill的现在分词做状语表示主动含义和补充说明，第二空用过去分词表示“受伤”。 4). 一Isn't it a surprise that I happened to meet Francis Mathews at the Christmas party last week? 一If my memory serves me correctly, you _____ each other for exactly two years. A. hadn't seen     B. haven't seen        C. didn't see        D. don’t see 【答案】 A 【解析】考查动词时态。语境表示在上周见面之前有两年没见面，因此用过去完成时。 5). —What do you think of the blind man?        —I’ve never seen a man with         sense of touch. A. the better      B. a better        C. a good      D. the best 【答案】 B    【解析】考查形容词比较级的用法。本题用“否定词+比较级”结构表示“没有比……更……的”，比较结构后有名词时，用不定冠词修饰，表示没有具体限定的“更……的”。 6). The result was far beyond _____we had expected, ____brought great joy to every one of us.        A. that; which              B. than; that                 C. what; what       D. what; which 【答案】 D 【解析】考查宾语从句和定语从句。第一空用what引导宾语从句，连词what在从句中做宾语，第二空用which引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词which指代主句内容。 7). —Where is Bob? I cannot find him anywhere. —He        have been off long. I heard him make a call just now. A. shouldn’t      B. can’t           C. mustn’t        D. needn’t 【答案】 B 【解析】考查情态动词与虚拟语气用法。语境表示语气很肯定的否定判断推测：我刚才还听见他打电话了，因此他一定没走多远。用can’t have done。 8). If the prediction for the earthquake ________ more accurate, we would have been more prepared and many more lives would have been saved. A. had been           B. was          C. has been         D. were 【答案】A                                                                    【解析】考查虚拟语气。语境表示假如地震的预测更准确，我们就能做好准备，很多生命就不会失去了，主句使用了would have done，因此表示与过去实际情况相反的假设，状语从句用过去完成时，因此选A。 9). —I just wonder        that made Mark Twain so famous a writer. —Of course his early experiences. A. it was what                     B. what he did               C. how he did               D. what it was 【答案】D 【解析】考查强调句的特殊疑问句和语序。从题干的含义看，本题涉及强调句的特殊疑问句和语序。被强调的成分在原句做主语，表示物，用what，疑问句在本题做宾语，用陈述句的语序，因此选D。 10). —I found my mom not feeling well this morning. I’m afraid she is ill. —_________. A. Don’t worry too much                   B. It’s nothing at all C. I’m sorry to hear that                    D. Take it easy 【答案】 C 【解析】考查交际用语。本题的交际语境是如何表示安慰。对方说他母亲生病了，此时应该表示安慰，帮对方分担忧虑，选C，而不是A、D项空泛地让对方别着急，也不是B，没事。 10道非 选 择 题 部 分 .1.书面表达热点预猜(1)    假设你是李红，你的一位美国笔友Robert写E-mail问及你高考后暑假的安排，请根据以下要点，写一封100词左右的email回复他, 可以适当增加细节。 1. 学开车  2. 参加英语培训课程 3. 去北京看奥运会  4. 游览北京的名胜 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 Dear Robert,    How time flies! _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 【命题方向与写作提示】高考英语书面表达写作素材都是与中学生的日常生活相关的话题，会避免出现考生不熟悉的话题，也不会出现农村或城市学生不熟悉的话题，注重考查考生的语言表达能力。本篇素材考查书信体裁的作文，是应用文的写作，话题涉及社会热点：北京奥运会，内容中学生的实际生活相关：高考后暑假的安排，体裁是书信体的电子邮件。写作要点包括：1）问候；2）引入话题：高考临近，高考后的安排；3）学开车；4）参加英语培训课程；5）去北京看奥运会；6）游览北京的名胜；7）结束语 【写作提示】书面表达一定要注意要点齐全，写作中要注意适当增加细节以使上下文连贯，并使用一定数量的句式结构。 书面表达范文 (One possible version)  Dear Robert:    How time flies! The happy days we shared often shines in my memory. What about you? As you know, my college entrance exam is approaching, which also announces the end of this sort of pressing study life. However，I intend to have a meaningful summer vacation. First, I will learnt to drive to get a driving license, which is a new activity for a high school graduate in China. I will have a good rest, enjoying my hobbies. Then I will take some English course to improve my English communication ability, With the 2008 Olympics beginning, I will be a participant of it, watching the basketball match between China and the US. I have been dreaming of Kobe’s performance long. After that, I will pay a visit to some tourist attractions to widen my horizon.     That is the plan for my vacation. I am looking forward to being told about your arrangements of vacation. Give me your quick reply soon, OK?  Best wishes! 2. 书面表达热点预猜(2)    如今世界粮食短缺，价格飞涨，给部分地区造成社会动荡。假设在你校开展的研究性学习中，你们小组以“World Food Crisis”为题进行研究，现在请你代表你们小组向全体同学简要介绍你们的研究成果。主要内容如下： 造成的原因 1. 气候变化，造成粮食减产 2. 工业发展，城市化加速，耕地减少 3. 世界能源价格上涨，使用粮食生产生物燃料 应对的措施 1. 注重环保，改善生态 2. 严格保护耕地 3. 富国支持穷国，促进世界和谐 你如何做出 自己的贡献 1．…… 2．…… 注意：1. 内容包括以上要点，但不要逐句翻译       2. 字数150左右，文章开头已提供，不计入总词数       3. 参考词汇：城市化  urbanization    生物燃料   biofuels    Hello, everyone, Now I’ll tell you something about our research project The World Food Crisis on behalf of our group. As you know, food shortages have hit many countries in the world and even caused social unrest in some areas. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 【命题方向与写作提示】这是一篇提纲式的议论文写作素材，探讨国计民生的社会热点话题：粮食价格上涨。写作时要注意避免逐句翻译，并适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 书面表达范文 (One possible version)     Hello, everyone, Now I’ll tell you something about our research project The World Food Crisis on behalf of our group. As you know, food shortages have hit many countries in the world and even caused social unrest in some areas. But who is responsible for the current world food crisis? First, annual world grains output has declined because of climate change. Then lots of farmland has been lost due to the rapid development of industry and urbanization. Besides, faced with the rising energy prices, people have turned to the production of biofuels, which has worsened the severe situation. Then what should we do to deal with the problem? On one hand, we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand, strict measures should be taken to protect farmland. Of course, to build a harmonious world the developed countries should take their responsibilities to help the poor ones experiencing food shortage. As for me, I will call on the people around me to live thriftily. And for the moment, I think, we should study hard to develop science and help solve the food shortage in the future.   4. 书面表达热点预猜(4, 说明文)    假如你是李明，你发现部分同学每次遇到重要考试，都会出现一些焦虑症状。请你用英语写一封信，向某学生英文报编辑反映该问题。信的内容应包括下列要点： 焦虑症状 建    议 头晕、乏力、睡眠不好、食欲不振等 1．考前制定好合适的复习计划 2．考试期间正常作息 3．睡前洗热水澡、喝热牛奶等有助于睡眠 其他建议(内容由考生自己拟定) 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 参考词汇：头晕—dizzy(adj.) Dear editor, I’m Li Ming of Senior Three, Guangming Middle School. I’m writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams. __________________________________ ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Li Ming   书面表达范文 (One possible version) I am Li Ming of Senior Three, Guangming Middle School. I am writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams. Most of us feel nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam. Some will feel dizzy or tired, some will suffer from lack of sleep, and some will lose their appetite. In fact, all these symptoms have terrible effects on our exams and we are all eager to get rid of them. First of all, in my opinion, it’s important for us to have a fight attitude towards exams. They are only a means of checking how we are getting along with our studies, so there is no need to worry too much about the results. Study hard every day and make careful plans for every exam. In this way we can avoid suffering from the pressure of exams. Besides, enough sleep can make us energetic and enable us to perform well in an exam. Therefore, during the period of exams, we should not stay up too late. We can also try a warm bath or a cup of warm milk before going to bed. They might help us to have a sound sleep. (We’d better go out for a walk or do some outdoor exercises before and during an exam so that we can keep ourselves relaxed and then concentrate ourselves on exams.)   5. 书面表达热点预猜(5)    在紧张的高三备考阶段，你班老师为了提高复习效率，广泛征求学生意见。假如你叫张华，请根据以下提示，给英语老师写封信，表达你们的需求和建议。 ●适当放慢进度，留出思考时间 ●反复训练重要、易错知识点 ●指导方法 ●减少作业量以保证质量 ●给予更多鼓励 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 Dear Mr. Wang, We’re so pleased that you are willing to share our views.    In the course of the general revision, what we need is solid foundation.________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________   书面表达范文 (One possible version) Dear Mr. Wang, We’re so pleased that you are willing to share our views. In the course of the general revision, what we need is solid foundation. As you know, we didn’t learn well enough in the first two years, so please slow down and make sure we have really mastered something. Besides, we need a little more time to think for ourselves. As for those important points which also make us confused, would you please give us more practice in case we forget? Meanwhile, we need your instruction, for example, in how to write in natural English. I still have another request: assign us less homework in order that we can do it more efficiently. By the way, we often feel frustrated, which has a very bad effect on our study. We would appreciate it if you would give us some encouragement from time to time. 6. 书面表达热点预猜（6，记叙文，图表作文) 假如你是中学生李华，你校同学上周末刚举行了一次英语演讲比赛，请根据下表内容，用英语写一封信给远在美国的笔友John，介绍这次活动的情况。 时间 地点 演讲者 评委 观众 上周六上午 学校操场 每班2名选手，共20人 5位英语教师 全校同学 主题 主要内容 比赛结果 让我们的校园更美丽 1. 保持校园清洁，不乱丢杂物； 2. 爱护花草树木，让校园充满绿色； 3. 举止文明礼貌，关爱他人。 6名同学获奖，你班推荐的2名同学都获奖。 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 参考词汇：校园campus Dear John, We held a speech contest on the playground last Saturday morning.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Do you have such activities in your school?    Best wishes to you. Yours, Li Hua 书面表达范文 (One possible version) Dear John, We held a speech contest on the playground last Saturday morning. Twenty students selected from ten classes, two for each class, took part in it Five teachers of English worked as judges while all the students in the school viewed the contest. The topic of the speech is “to make our campus more beautiful”. In the speeches, the students insisted what we should keep our campus clean by avoiding littering, take good care of the plants so that we can enjoy the greenness and behave well and care for others so that everyone feels loved on campus. Finally, six students gained prizes, including the two from my class. I think all of us have learned a lot from the speeches. We all mean what we say. So our campus will surely become more beautiful. Do you have such activities in your school? Best wishes to you. Yours, Li Hua 7. 书面表达热点预猜(7, 图画作文)    随着人们环保意识的增强及政府各项措施的落实，各地的空气质量得以明显提高。请根据下图图示写一篇海报，介绍你市空气质量的改善。其中应包括：数字反映出的空气质量变化情况；变化的原因（如：绿化、减少污染的措施等）和对今后的展望。 注意：1. 要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。    Our city started the Blue Sky Project in 1998, when it saw only 100 days of blue skies but 141 heavily polluted days.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              书面表达范文 (One possible version)    Our city started the Blue Sky Project in 1998, when it saw only 100 days of blue skies but 141 heavily polluted days. With the efforts of the government and citizens over these years, the air condition of the city has gradually improved. The number of blue skies climbed to 229 in 2004 while the heavily polluted days were greatly reduced to 17. The progress continued each year with an increase of 5–-7 good days and decrease of 8—12 bad air days until the end of 2007, though there was an exception in 2006 with 24 days heavily polluted. The changing numbers are due to the fact that people become more and more aware of the environment around them. In addition, the government has continued with its measures. Air quality monitoring, traffic control and tree planting are just some of the ways to improve the conditions. We believe that the city will see more blue skies and fewer air–polluted days later and more people will be able to enjoy the blue skies in our city.   8. 书面表达热点预猜(8，说明文)    随着社会老龄化的加剧，照顾老人将成为一个突出的社会问题。某公司为满足社会需求，适时推出了家用机器人帮助照顾老人。假设你是该公司的一名员工，你将要在闻发布会上向大家介绍这一新型产品。请你根据以下提示写一篇英文发言稿。    该机器人的主要功能有：    1. 可以在固定的时间做饭，做饭时间能够调整；    2. 可以做家务、陪老人聊天、下棋、做运动等；    3. 可以及时处理突发事件，例如拨打呼救电话等。 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 参考词汇：household robot 家用机器人                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          书面表达范文 (One possible version) Ladies and gentlemen, Thank you for attending our company’s news conference. As you know, with the development of the economy, people have to face various pressures. They don’t have enough time to attend to the old people in their families, which has become a serious social problem. To solve this problem, our company has put out a household robot, which is designed to take care of old people. It can cook meals at a fixed time which can be adjusted according to individual needs. This robot can do some housework, chat to the old people, and play chess or do some exercises with them. Moreover, it can deal with emergencies. For example, if an old man falls ill suddenly, the robot will call a doctor for help promptly. This robot will be a great help to people who own one. Thank you. 9.书面表达热点预猜 (9，议论文) 奥运会一天天向我们大步走来，“如何与奥运冠军一同成长”已成为全国青少年的热门话题和关注的焦点。你班最近就这个话题召开了一次班会。请给《21世纪》英文报写一篇文章，介绍班会上，同学们的发言情况并发表你的观点。 内容要点如下： 奥运冠军的共同点 如何做生活中的冠军？ 1）追求卓越 1）明确的目标是动力的源泉 2）尊重他人（对手，裁判，媒体等） 2）专注和良好的心态是成功的决定因素 3）永不言败 3）你的观点（至少两点） 注意：1、对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥； 2、词数150。短文中已写好的部分，不计入词数； 3、参考词汇：追求pursue；卓越excellence；因素factor The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games are walking towards us, taking a big step. Now how to grow up along with Olympic Champions has become a hot topic and the highlight of our concern. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ In a word, the Olympic Slogan “One World, One Dream” expresses the voice of our class----share a beautiful earth, share modern civilization and create a better future hand in hand.   书面表达范文 (One possible version) The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games are walking towards us, taking a big step. Now how to grow up along with Olympic Champions has become a hot topic and the highlight of our concern. Recently a heated discussion on the topic was held in our class.     We all agree that the Olympic Champions have much in common. They go all out to be excellent----swifter, higher, and stronger. They show respect for everyone, regardless of competitors, judges or the media. Besides, faced with one failure after another, they never give up.     In a word, the Olympic Slogan “One World, One Dream” expresses the voice of our class----share a beautiful earth, share modern civilization and create a better future hand in hand.   10.书面表达热点预猜(10，议论文)    电子游戏是很多中学生喜爱的娱乐活动之一，人们对此看法不一。上周你班就这一问 题进行了一场讨论。请你根据下表中的内容，用英语写一篇短文，给某英文报投稿。 70%的学生的观点 1. 沉迷于游戏，不能集中精力学习。 2. 很少有时间和朋友交流，会缺乏社交能力。 3. 暴力游戏会滋生侵略行为，比暴力电影影响更大。 30%的学生的观点 1. 有助于培养创造性和快速反应，对学习用好处。 2. 使游戏者得到放松，从而更高效地学习。 你本人的观点 （至少两点）             注意：1.第一句已为你写好，不计入总词数。     2. 词数150左右。     3. 可以适当增加细节，使短文连贯、完整。      Our parents and teachers often warn us to stay away from video games, but many of us just find it hard to tear themselves away from them..                                                                                                                                                                                                            书面表达范文 (One possible version)     Our parents and teachers often warn us to stay away from video games, but many of us just find it hard to tear themselves away from them. Last week, our class had a discussion about whether it is beneficial or harmful for high school students to play video games.     About 70% of the students are concerned about the negative effects of video games. They think that players can be addicted to them and can’t concentrate on their study. Another reason is that while sitting in front of a computer they might have little time to communicate with friends and become socially isolated. What’s worse, violent video games can lead to a player’s aggressive behaviour, which is more harmful than violent movies.    On the contrary, about 30% approve of video games. First of all, playing video games requires creativity and quick response, which are both important in our study. Besides, as a form of entertainment they can help players get relaxed and thus study more efficiently.    In my opinion, video games should not be encouraged among high school students because they are so fascinating that few students especially boys can resist the temptation. As for some students who are crazy about video games, our school should guide and instruct them to choose games suitable for them.

(一)有关奥运志愿者 　　1、考题示例 　　为了更好地举办2008年北京奥运会，有关部门现向全社会招聘志愿者。要求： 　　1、具有为奥运服务的热情，为各国运动员及客人做好服务； 　　2、掌握丰富的文化知识，既是奥运的服务人员，也是文化的使者； 　　3、具有流利的英语表达能力，能做好沟通工作。 　　假如你叫李华，请根据以上要求，写一封想作奥运会的志愿者申请信。 　　要求：字迹工整，100词左右。开头已写好，不计入总词数。 　　2、参考范文 Dear Sir or Madam: 　　Thank you for taking your time to read my letter. As the coming of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, I’d like very much to be a volunteer. 　　All our Chinese are hosts for this special event. Above all, I promise I should endeavor to serve with enthusiasm our distinguished guests and athletes from all over the world. Besides, I have a rich knowledge about Chinese history, so I will be not only a servant but also a carrier for our splendid culture. What’s more, as we all know, English as an international language, will play an important role in communication during Olympics, and I am good at it. I can express myself fluently and clearly in English. 　　To sum up, I believe I can be a qualified volunteer. I will value it and do all I can if I could be accepted to be one. 　　Yours,    　　Li Hua    (二)有关环保 　　1、考题示例 　　根据国务院发布的“限塑令”，自2008年6月1日起，在所有超市、商场实行塑料购物袋有偿使用制度，超市、商场一律不得免费提供塑料购物袋。请你写一篇英语短文，要求包括以下内容： 　　现状：目前中国每天消费近30亿个塑料袋，造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染； 　　限塑令的意义：减少塑料袋使用量，提高公众的环保意识； 　　提倡：重拎布袋子，重提菜篮子。 　　参考词汇：禁令 ban 意识 awareness 提倡 advocate 　　2、参考范文 　　The problem of “white pollution” caused by used plastic is becoming increasingly serious, in which plastic shopping bags play an important role. In China about three billion plastic shopping bags are consumed every day, which results in a great waste of resources and heavy environmental pollution. Luckily, The government has put a nationwide ban on the use of free plastic bags, demanding that all stores and supermarkets not provide customers with free plastic bags after June 1. The rule will undoubtedly reduce the use of plastic bags and enhance the awareness of environmental protection. It is highly advocated that we should turn to cloth bags and shopping baskets from now on. (三)社区服务(教英语) 　　1、考题示例 　　随着奥运脚步的临近，“全民学英语、共同迎奥运”活动正在开展。请根据以下提纲用英语写一篇日记： 　　1、周日作为志愿者来到社区教授英语； 　　2、课前认真备课，但感到有些紧张； 　　3、居民们学得很用心、很有收获； 　　4、我的感受…… 　　要求：字迹工整，100词左右。开头已写好，不计入总词数。 　　参考词汇：居民 resident 　　2、参考范文 　　June 4th , Sunday Sunny 　　Today I went to our community to teach our neighbors some everyday English. 　　The residents who came to our lesson were mainly middle-aged or elderly men and women who had little knowledge in English. In order to be a qualified teacher, I got myself fully-prepared. I picked out some frequently-used English expressions when meeting foreign guests. Before the class began, I felt quite nervous. But to my surprise, my lesson was a great success! Although what I taught was not easy for my audience, they did try their best to read after me and practice a lot. In the end, some of them even could make a short conversation! How amazing! I was quite satisfied with my volunteering work today. (四)奥运与健身 　　1、考题示例 　　请你根据下表所提供的信息，写一篇报告，描述奥运会给中学生生活带来的变化。 　　迎奥运之前迎奥运之后 　　学校每周两节体育课，并且有时被文化课占用每天一小时体活课，师生一起开展户外活动 　　学生只顾学习，忽视运动锻炼重视锻炼，认识到身体好可以促进学习 　　参考词汇：忽视 neglect 　　2、参考范文 　　As the form reflects, with the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games’ drawing nearer and nearer, some positive changes have taken place. 　　Before that, each week, only two so-called PE lessons were scheduled, during which sometimes we were actually having lessons such as Chinese, Math, Physics and so on. Most of us, who mainly cared for our studies, always neglected physical training. 　　Luckily, the Olympics come! Nowadays, in contrast, we spend more of our time doing physical exercise, for which one hour is arranged every day. We, along with our teachers, organize some outdoor events. Having realized that a sound body can, in turn, help us to learn more productively, we ourselves begin to pay close attention to our physical health. (五)奥运精神 　　1、考题示例 　　仔细观看下列海报，写一篇短文阐述图中所表达的奥运精神。 　　要求：表达连贯，可适当发挥想象，100词左右。 　　参考词汇：羽毛球 badminton 橄榄忮 olive branch 接力棒 baton 　　2、参考范文 　　Olympics in Posters 　　There are two people in either posters, each of which tells something about Olympic spirits. 　　In the first poster, two badminton players hold one gold medal together, which suggests that cooperation always comes first in Olympics. Although all the players struggles to be higher, faster, and stronger, the teamwork usually plays a very important role in a lot of events, such as football, group gymnastics and relay races. 　　In the second poster, in the relay race one athlete is passing an olive branch, instead of a baton, on to the next one. What does it mean? It shows us that the Olympics mean more than just competition. Peace and friendship are also part of the Olympics! 　　In short, all the events involved in Olympics are symbols of strength, competition and more importantly, cooperation and world peace. (六)有关订票问题 　　1、考题示例 　　假设你是李华，奥运前夕你收到英国笔友Peter的来信，信文如下： Dear Li Hua, 　　Thank you for your letter telling me that Shenyang is a host city of Beijing Olympic Games and some of the football games will be held in your hometown. I’d like very much to watch one of these great events. Therefore, could you bother yourself to buy me a ticket? Thank you! 　                                                    　Yours, 　                                                    　Peter 　　根据来信，你已经帮他买好一张中国队对巴西比赛的门票，比赛时间是2008年8月17日下午19点，地点在沈阳奥体中心，A票，100元，座位号是F区18排16号。请根据以上信息，给Peter回信。 　　2、参考范文 Dear Peter， 　　I’m so happy to hear from you again. 　　It’s my pleasure to give you a hand to buy a ticket for the football game which you want to watch. Now, I’ve got the ticket for the match between the football teams of China and the Brazil. The game starts in the Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium, at 7:00 p.m. on August 17th, 2008. You will sit in Row 18, No. 16. of Area F with your A ticket. By the way, the ticket is cheap. Only 100 yuan! 　　The game must be fantastic and I’m delighted to be company with you. Wait for your coming.                                                          Yours, 　　                                                      Li Hua (七)迎奥运、讲文明、树新风 　　1、考题示例(1) 　　为迎接奥运会在中国举行，请写一篇关于讲究文明礼仪的倡议书，具体内容包括： 　　1、讲究文明礼貌是中华民族的传统； 　　2、面对外国友人应热情大方、彬彬有礼； 　　3、要坚决杜绝公共场所大声喧哗、拥挤打闹、随地吐痰等不文明行为； 　　4、奥运即将召开，我们将代表中国形象。 　　参考词汇：喧哗 uproar 　　2、参考范文(1) 　　My dear fellow students, 　　The Olympics are just around the corner. Today I want to talk about good manners and courtesy. 　　We Chinese have always been respected and highly praised for good manners and courtesy, which have, as well, become precious traditions of our people. In a couple of weeks beyond, a large number of foreign friends will come to China to join us in enjoying the Olympics. Before foreign guests, we should have an easy manner and behave politely and warm-heartedly. In public places, such ugly behaviors as uproar, pushing or squeezing together, spitting and so on should be determinedly forbidden. In a sense, each of us will not simply stand for ourselves but stand for China. Therefore, boys and girls, let’s do it well right now and the eyes of the world are to on us! 　　3、考题示例(2) 　　从2007年10月1日起，北京出租车全面禁烟。现在请你根据下面提示写一篇英语短文宣传这一活动。 　　活动意义：创办“无烟奥运”，提高人民健康水平； 　　活动措施： 　　1、车内张贴告示：禁止吸烟； 　　2、严禁司机在车内吸烟，否则罚款； 　　3、司机有义务劝说乘客不要在车内吸烟。 　　你的倡议：…… 　　参考词汇：无烟奥运 “non-smoking” Olympic Games 　　3、参考范文(2) 　　For the purpose of holding a “non-smoking” Olympic Games and improving the health of Chinese people, an activity to ban smoking inside taxis has been running in Beijing since October 1, 2007. 　　The steps are taken as follows. First of all, signs of “No Smoking” are put on in taxis. Secondly, taxi drivers are forbidden to smoke inside taxis. Whoever breaks the rule will get fined. Additionally, drivers are responsible for persuading passengers out of smoking in the taxis. This activity needs joint efforts of all the citizens, which will, in turn, benefit both drivers and passengers. In order to achieve the goal, let’s do our bit. (八)观光旅游、景点导游 　　1、考题示例 　　假设你是李华，你是一名奥运会志愿者，你将带领一个来自美国的奥运旅游团游览某城市一著名的旅游景点---XXX。请用英文写一个关于XXX和活动安排的口头导游词，主要内容包括： 　　1、欢迎来到XXX城市，我很高兴成为你们的导游； 　　2、XXX是一个具有悠久历史的城市； 　　3、XXX是XXX市的历史性建筑，是XXX的发源地； 　　4、“XXX”已经成为世界文化遗产； 　　5、祝愿大家在XXX玩得开心。 　　2、参考范文 　　Ladies and gentlemen 　　Welcome to XXX! 　　I feel honored to be your guide for the one-day tour to the XXX. First of all, on behalf my travel agency, I’d like to extend my welcome to all of you. 　　Our schedule for today is to visit the famous scenic spot --- the XXX, which is the historic architecture in the city of XXX. As the origin of XXX, the XXX has become the world cultural heritage. I’m quite sure that you will be impressed by the beauty of the royal construction and the long history of the city as well. Wish you have great fun during the whole day! 　　Ok, next, I will show you around the whole XXX and introduce it in details to you. (九)抗震救灾，众志成城 　　1、考题示例 　　假设你是李华，在得知四川大地震的消息之后，作为校学生会主席，你决定给灾区的中学生写一封慰问信，主要内容包括： 　　1、得知四川发生突如其来的特大地震灾害，心情非常难过； 　　2、看到你们表现得非常镇定、坚强，感动得热泪盈眶； 　　3、患难见真情，全校师生向你们表示慰问的同时，共计捐款12万元； 　　4、美好家园可以重建，希望你们要看到希望、充满信心。 　　参考词汇：捐款 make a donation to 　　2、参考范文 Dear friends, 　　I’m awfully sorry to hear that a horrible and severe earthquake unexpectedly hit your hometown. Faced with such a rarely-seen disaster, you remain so calm and strong-willed that we are all moved to tears. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Thinking about your present situation, we can not wait a minute to make every bit of our effort to help you. I, as the chairman of student union, on behalf of all my schoolmates, express our most sincere pity and care for you. Besides, we make a donation of 120 thousand yuan to you, expecting that it can help you go through the difficulty. A better hometown can be rebuilt. Therefore, never give up whatever happens. Remember we won’t be far away when you need any help!                                                 Yours Sincerely, 　                                                 　Li Hua

语气转承词是连系意念的字，有助于增加文章的连贯性。转承词以两种重要的方式来增加连贯性；首先，转承词有助于该段文字自身间的连贯性，这时转承词安置于句间，以使前一句与次一句的语意流畅。其次，转承词有助于段落间的连系，置于段首的转承词，将前段所讨论的意念顺畅地过场到次一段，做进一步的申论。 以下，就转承词的功能区分为十二种。学习者应记住不同转承词的功能，并就各大项中重要者熟背几个，将来段落写作时就可派上用场，以增加文章之流畅，以下是十二种转承词，分别用来表示： 一、解释( to explain ) 1. now现在；那么（表示转变话题、要求、安慰、警告、解释、惊异等，通常置于句首并加逗点） 2. in addition而且；此外 3. in this case在这种情况下 4. in fact其实；实际上 5. for this reason因为这个缘故 例句：1.Now, follow the directions carefully. 2.In addition, there are two museums in the city. 3.The problem, in this case, is hard to solve. 二、强调( to emphasize ) 1. certainly确实地 2. indeed确实地 3. surely确实地 4. above all尤其；最重要者 5. most important ( of all )最重要的是 例句：1.Certainly the vacation was fun. 2.Indeed, no man is an island.谚语：人不能离群索居。 3.Above all, avoid swimming alone in strange waters.(陌生的水域) 三、举例( to illustrate ) 1. for example例如 2. for instance例如 3. thus就这样 4. next其次；然后 5. namely那就是 6. that is那就是 7. in other words换言之 8. that is to say换言之；那就是说 9. in particular尤其；特别 10. particularly尤其 11. especially特别地；主要地 例句：1.A good speech, for example, should be as short as a skirt. 2.For instance, light travels faster than sound. 3.Next, think of the courses you want to take. 四、增加或附属( to add ) 1. in addition而且；此外 2. furthermore而且；更有甚者 3. also也；而且 4. moreover而且；更有甚者 5. again而且 6. and而且 7. besides而且 8. in addition to除．．．之外 9. what's more而且 例句：1.In addition, the tour stops in Tokyo. 2.furthermore, he is too old to do that. 3.Also, she asked for some money. 五、比较( to compare )尤其是相同性质的比较 1. like像 2. likewise同样地 3. in the same way同样地 4. similarly同样地 5. too也 6.equally important同样重要地 例句：1.Like Peter, Tom is a good swimmer. 2.In the same way, we look for a good doctor. 3.The car uses less fuel. Equally important, the car drives ninety miles per hour. 六、对比关系或相反的意思( to contrast ) 1. unlike不像 2. in contrast相反地 3. on the other hand另一方面 4. for another thing另一方面 5. on the contrary相反地 6. instead代替；更换；反而 7. but然而；但是 8. instead of代替；不．．．而 9. nevertheless然而 10. however然而 11. still然而 12. yet然而 13. after all毕竟 14. in spite of虽然 15. despite虽然 例句：1.Unlike Tom, John is brave. 2.In contrast, they took to the streets.相反地，他们走上街头。 3.Instead, the new law caused many problems. 七、让步( to concede ) 1. although虽然 2. nevertheless然而 3. of course当然 4. clearly确实地 5. naturally自然地 6. perhaps或许 例句：1.Although she ran after the train, it left without her. 2.He planned, nevertheless, to ask for our help. 3.Clearly, a garden needs a lot of care. 八、结果( to state a consequence ) 1. therefore 2. consequently 3. as a result 4. thus 5. accordingly 6. hence以上皆表「因此」，「所以」，「结果」 7. so所以；因此 例句：1.They hoped, therefore, to be respected. 2.Consequently, we opened an account at the bank. 3.Accordingly, she gave up her original plan. 九、综合；总结( to sum up ) 1. to sum up 2. to summarize 3. to conclude 4. in sum ( in summary )5. in conclusion以上皆表「总之」 6. in brief 7. in short 8. in a word 9. to be short 10. in a nutshell以上皆表「简言之」 11. by and large一般来说 12. finally最后 13. in general一般而言 14. on the whole整个来说 15. generally speaking大体而言；一般而论 例句：1.To conclude, Chinese New Year is the most important holiday. 2.In summary, recreation is a big business. 3.I will tell it in a nutshell. 十、时间关系( to state sequence of time ) 1. after a long time ( after a short time )过了很久，过了不久 2. after a long absence过了很久 3. presently目前 4. meanwhile同时 5. after a while一阵子之后 6. once曾经；一度 7. since then自从那时起 8. at the same time同时 9. temporarily暂时地 10. later稍晚 11. afterward后来 12. thereafter其后 13. lately最近；近来 14. sooner or later早晚 例句：1.They met after a long absence. 2.Meanwhile, they were at war with their enemy. 3.Thereafter, they never met again. 十一、顺序、列举或思想的延续( to state order ) 1. first首先 2. in this manner ( in this way )就这样 3. first of all首先 4. in the same way同样地 5. second其次 6. third第三 7. in the first place首先 8. then然后 9. next下一个 10. again再次 11. finally最后；终于 12. eventually终于 13. by the way顺便一提 14. incidentally附带地；顺便一提 例句：1.First of all, jogging makes the heart stronger. 2.Eventually, they came to an agreement. 3.Incidentally, medical supplies will be sent here next Monday. 十二、方向( to state directions ) 1. below在．．．下面 2. next to在．．．的旁边 3. beyond超越；越过 4. on the ( my, your, etc. ) right在．．．右边 5. further更远处 6. on the left在左边 7. here这里 8. nearby在附近 9. opposite to在．．．对面 例句：1.Next to the national cemetery, there was an old church. 2.On my right lies the beautiful river. 3.Opposite to their building, there was an elm tree. 起、承、转、合用语精选 英文作文之起、承、转、合用语是帮助同学使文章之前后语气连贯、表意流畅，从而使全文看起来肌理分明、组织结构严谨，以便在作文写作上拿到更好的分数。但以下所列者，同学要想在短时间内速成，不妨在起、承、转、合用语中各选六、七个用法不同者熟背之，并试着在自己平常的作文中运用出来，使熟能生巧，才能令你的作文如虎添翼。当然，同学不应该忘记，这些用词只是套语，真正重要的还是文章内容，所以平常多读、多写，丰富自己的意念与想象力，才是作文拿高分的最佳途径。 （起） 1.As a rule, S + V...一般而言，… 2.As far as I know, S + V...据我所知，… 3.As the saying goes, S + V...常言道，… 4.Everybody knows that + S + V...众所周知，… 5.Frankly speaking, S + V...坦白地说，… 6.Generally speaking, S + V...一般而言，… 7.I'm of the opinion that + S + V...依我之见，… 8.I am greatly convinced that + S + V...我深信，… 9.In dealing with..., one cannot but admit that S + V...在讨论…，一个人不得不承认… 10.In general, S + V...一般而言，… 11.In my opinion, S + V...依我之见，… 12.It can be easily proved that S + V...…是容易证明的 13.It goes without saying that S + V...不消说，… 14.It is out of the question to V…是不可能的 15.It's quite obvious that S + V...不消说，… 16.It is said ( reported据报导, known一般皆知, estimated据估计, believed一般相信, expected一般预料 ) that...据说 17.It is important ( necessary必要的, urgent紧急的, proper适当的 ) that S (should) + V（…是）重要的 18.It's true that + S + V...事实是 19.Lucky to say, S + V...说来幸运，… 20.Needless to say, S + V...不消说，… 21.No one can deny that + S + V...没有人可以否认… 22.Nothing in the world can delight me so much as ...世界上没有什么比…更令我高兴 23.Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than...在我所认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬 24.On the average, S + V...一般而言，… 25.Regretful to say, S + V...说来遗憾，… 26.Sad to say, S + V...说来可悲，… 27.Strange to say, S + V...说来奇怪，… 28.Strictly speaking, S + V...严格地说，… 29.There is no doubt that S + V...毫无疑问，… 30.There is no V-ing...…是不可能的 31.To tell the truth, S + V...老实说，… 32.To the best of my knowledge, S + V...据我所知，… （承） 1.According to + N , S + V...根据…，… 2.As a matter of fact, S + V...实际上，… 3.As far as I'm concerned, S + V...就我而论，… 4.As good ( ill ) luck would have it, S + V...幸运地（不幸地） 5.As is often the case with + O, S + V...…对…是常有的事 6.Besides, we should not neglect that S + V...此外，我们不应忽略 7.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore, ...但是问题不是如此单纯。所以… 8.But it is a pity that S + V...但是遗憾的是… 9.Compared with + N, S + V...较之…，… 10.Even if ( Though ) + S1 + V1, S2 + V2...即使…，… 11.First of all, S + V...首先，… 12.For all + N, S + V...虽然…，… 13.For example, S + V...例如，… 14.For instance, S + V...例如，… 15.For one thing, S + V...一则，… 16.For the other, S + V...另一方面，… 17.For this reason, S + V...因为这个缘故，… 18.I take it for granted that S + V...我认为…是理所当然的 19.If we take ... into account ( consideration ), we + V...如果我们考虑到…，我们… 20.In accordance with + N, S + V...根据…，… 21.In addition, we should + V...此外，我们必须… 22.In all likelihood, S + V...十之八九，… 23.In comparison with + N, S + V...和…比较，… 24.In fact ( reality, truth ), S + V...事实上，… 25.In nine cases out of ten, S + V...十之八九，… 26.In other words, S + V...换句话说，… 27.In relation ( respect, regard, reference ) to + N, S + V...关于…，… 28.In spite of + N, S + V...虽然…，… 29.In the beginning, S + V...首先，… 30.In the first place, S + V...首先，… 31.It is not too much to say that S + V...…说起来并不过份 32.No matter wh- + S1 + V1, S2 + V2...无论…，… 33.To begin with, S + V...首先，… 34.To change another words, S + V...换句话说，… 35.To cite an old saying, S + V...套句古人说的话，… 36.To one's astonishment, S + V...令某人吃惊地，… 37.To one's delight, S + V...令某人高兴地，… 38.To one's disappointment, S + V...令某人失望地 ，… 39.To one's excitement, S + V...令某人兴奋地，… 40.To one's joy, S + V...令某人高兴地，… 41.To one's regret, S + V...令某人后悔地，… 42.To one's surprise, S + V...令某人吃惊地，… 43.To start with, S + V...首先，… 44.To take...for example, S + V...举…为例，… 45.We have enough reasons to V我们有足够的理由… 46.What I must emphasize is ...我必须强调的是… 47.What's more, S + V...此外 ，… 48.What seems to be the problem is that S + V...问题似乎是… （转） 1.By contrast, if..., it will certainly be the fact that S + V...相反地，假如…，那一定… 2.But for + N, S + V（假设法过去式或过去完成式）...若非…，… 3.From now on, S + V...从现在起 4.Hardly had + S1 + V1(p.p.) when ( before ) + S2 + V2...一…就… 5.Have you ever + V (p.p.)....?你曾经…吗？ 6.If by any chance S1 + V1, S2 + V2....万一…，… 7.If only + S + V...!但愿…！ 8.In other words, S + V...换句话说，… 9.In the meantime, S + V...同时，… 10.In the similar way, S + V...同样地，… 11.In this manner, S + V...如此一来，… 12.In this light if..., there can surely be no doubt that S + V...有鉴于于此，假如…，确实无疑地… 13.Indeen, S1 + V1, but S2 + V2...没错…，但是… 14.It's 强调的人、事、物、地、时 + that S + V...正是… 15.It's high ( about ) time for + O + to V...该是…的时候了 16.It's high ( about ) time that  + S + should V...该是…的时候了 17.It stands to reason that S + V...…是理所当然的 18.No doubt, S1 + V1, but S2 + V2...没错，…，但是… 19.Now that S1 + V1, S2 + V2...既然…，… 20.On the contrary, S + V...相反地，… 21.On the one hand, S + V...一方面，… 22.On the other hand, S + V...另一方面，… 23.On ( Upon ) V-ing, S + V...一…就… 24.Owing to + N, S + V...由于…，… 25.The chief reason why + S + V + is...…主要的原因是… 26.To do one justice, S + V...公平而论，… 27.To make matters worse, S + V...更糟的是，… 28.To put it differently, S + V...换句话说，… 29.To tell the truth, S + V...老实说，… 30.Undoubtedly ( Absolutely ) S + V...毫无疑问地，… 31.We must recognize that S + V...我们必须承认 32.We cannot be too +我们愈…愈好  33.We cannot + V + too +我们愈…愈好 34.We cannot over-V我们愈…愈好 35.What if S + V.........?要是…该怎么办？ 36.What's worse, S + V...更糟的是 ，… 37.Without + N, S + V（假设法）... 若非…，… 38., not to mention + N…，更甭说… 39.; that is to say, S + V...…，那就是 ，… （合） 1.Above all ( things ), S + V...最重要地，… 2.According to the aforementioned, S + V...综观上述所云，… 3.As a result ( consequence ), S + V...结果，… 4.As long as S1+ V1, S2 + V2...只要…，… 5.As we know from the above, S + V...由上述我们可知，… 6.At any rate ( cost ), we should V...无论如何，我们应该… 7.Because of this, we can find that S + V...因为如此，我们可以知道… 8.For this reason, S + V...基于此因 ，… 9.From the ... point of view, ...从…的观点来看，… 10.If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that S + V...假如我们能做到以上所提者，无疑地… 11.In a word, S + V...一言以蔽之，… 12.In any case, we should V 无论如何，我们应该… 13.In short ( brief ), S + V...简而言之 ，… 14.In conclusion, we should V 总而言之，我们应该… 15.Judging from the above, S + V...从以上来判断 ，… 16.Last but not least, S + V...最后还有一件重要的事就是… 17.Only by this can we V...只有以此我们才能… 18.On the whole, S + V...整体而论 ，… 19.On this ground, S + V...基于此种原因 20.Owing to this fact we can find that S + V...因此我们可以知道… 21.The long and the short of it, S + V...总之 ，… 22.To be short ( brief ), S + V...简而言之 ，… 23.To sum up ( conclude ), S + V...总之 ，… 24.Thus, this is the reason why S + V...因此，这就是为什么…的原因 25.Under no circumstances should we V...无论如何我们绝不…  26.What we must do is to V...我们只要…就可以了   英语写作中常用的俗语、警句 More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。 Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧 One stone, two birds.一箭双雕 Have a card up one’s sleeve.胸有成竹。 Speak of angles, and you will hear their wings. 说曹操，曹操就到。 Time is money. 一寸光阴一寸金。 An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在于晨。 Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。 Little strokes fell great oaks.水滴石穿。 Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事，今日毕。 Throw a sprat to catch a herring.抛砖引玉。 Every dog’s a lion at home.夜郎自大。 Never too old to learn.活到老学到老。 Easier said than done.说起来容易，做起来难。 As a man sows, so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜。

1 欣赏大自然的风景 to appreciate the scenery of nature 2 培养公德心 to cultivate the public mindedness 3 维护健康 to maintain health 4 保护环境 to protect the environment 5 开拓视野 to broaden the horizon 6 开拓心胸 to broaden the mind 7 调剂生活 to make life pleasant 8 松散身心 to relax oneself 9 启迪心灵 to enlighten the mind 10 灌输知识 to impart knowledge into someone 11 追求理想 to seek after the ideal 12 实现抱负 to realize one's ambition 13 守信用 to keep one's promise 14 跟上时代 to keep up with the times 15 欣赏古典文学 to appreciate the classical literature 16 学习吉他 to learn guitar 17 陶冶品德 to cultivate the character 18 贡献国家 to contribute oneself to the country 19 锻炼身体 to strengthen, exercise the body 20 缺乏休闲活动 to lack recreations 21 作笔记 to take notes 22 使用参考书 to use reference books 23 关心社会 to be concerned about the society 24 服从校规 to follow the rules of the school 25 尽身为学生的责任 to fulfill one's duty as a student 26 克服困难 to overcome the difficulty 27 面临困难 to be confronted with the difficulty 28 渡过困境 to weather the storm 29 走快捷方式 to cut the corner 30 量脉搏 to feel the pulse 31 开药方 to prescribe the medicine 32 坚守原则 to stick to the principle 33 注意卫生 to emphasize the importance of hygiene 34 乱丢垃圾 to litter; to scatter garbage 35 美化环境 to beautify the environment 36 种植树木 to grow trees 37 防止污染 to prevent the pollution 38 提升生活质量 to promote the qualities of life 39 造成损害 to do damage to 40 对．．．有益 to benefit; to be beneficial to 41 对．．．有害 to be harmful to; to do harm to 42 任意停车 to park the car at random 43 制造噪音 to make noises 44 占用人行道 to occupy the sidewalk 45 妨碍交通 to hinder the traffic 46 排放污烟、废气 to belch smoke, exhaust, fume 47 造成不便 to cause inconvenience 48 造成混乱 to bring about the disorder 49 闯红灯 to run through the red light 50 利用天桥 to make use of the overpass 51 查字典 to consult the dictionary 52 屏息 to hold one's breath 53 流泪 to shed tears 54 符合需要 to meet the demand 55 生根 to take root 56 产生结果 to bear fruit 57 打破沉默 to break the ice 58 气馁 to lose heart; to get discouraged 59 振作 to pull oneself together; to take heart 60 采取步骤 to take steps; to take measures 61 缓和悲伤 to ease ( alleviate ) the sorrow 62 承受负担 to bear the responsibility 63 考虑到 to make allowance for 64 把握机会 to seize the opportunity 65 跑腿 to run an errand 66 树立楷模 to set a good example 67 接受教育 to receive education 68 提升生活的水平 to raise the standard of living 69 告辞 to take one's leave 70 有很深的了解 to have a deep understanding of 71 跟随流行 to follow the fashion 72 提钱 to withdraw money 73 存钱 to deposit money 74 良心不安 the conscience stirs 75 自立 to be independent; to stand on one's own 76 英文很好 to have a good command of English 77 有广泛的知识 to have a wide range of knowledge 78 喜爱艺术 to have a great liking for arts 79 扮演重要角色 to play an important role in 80 聊天 to have a chat with 81 有．．．才能 to have a talent for 82 选择 to make a choice 83 有很大的影响 to have a great influence on 84 予人．．．很深的印象 to make a deep impression on 85 愚弄 to make a fool of 86 找借口 to make an excuse 87 给人搭便车 to give one a lift 88 打电话 to give someone a ring 89 冒险 to take chances 90 怀恨 to bear grudge against someone 91 牢记在心 to bear .....in mind 92 板着脸 to pull a long face 93 对．．．充耳不闻 to turn a deaf ear to 94 被开除 to be dismissed from school 95 生气 to be angry with ( at ) 96 负担责任 to assume the responsibility 97 符合需要 to serve the purpose 98 变胖 to gain weight 99 有道理 to make sense 100 记日记 to keep a diary 101 尽己所能 to do what one can 102 擅长网球 to be at home in tennis 103 郊游 to go on an outing 104 消磨时间 to kill time 105 增加生活的情趣 to increase the pleasures of life 106 精神抖擞 to be ( feel ) refreshed 107 解除紧张和焦虑 to relieve the tension and anxiety 108 宣泄久积的情绪 to release the pent-up feelings 109 游手好闲 to fool around 110 准备考试 to prepare for the examination 111 参加课外活动 to take part in the club activities 112 无精打采的 to be listless 113 精力充沛的 to be vigorous, energetic 114 防台 to guard against the typhoon 115 逃避现实 to escape the reality 116 达到目标 to achieve the aim 117 五育并重 to lay equal emphasis on the Five Disciplines 118 感到无聊 to feel ( be ) bored 119 感到剌激 to be excited 120 感到满意 to be pleased, satisfied 121 感到失望 to be disappointed 122 感到振奋 to be encouraged, inspired 123 感到气馁 to be discouraged, frustrated 124 感到疲倦的 to be exhausted 125 感到烦恼 to be worried, upset, disturbed, bothered 126 放弃理想 to abandon the ideal 127 奠定基础 to lay the foundation 128 失去耐心 to lose patience 129 进步 to make progress 13